miércoles, 16 de noviembre de 2016
martes, 19 de enero de 2016
Cultura
Cultura
Tradicionalmente, los ngöbes han sido agricultores itinerantes utilizando el método de roza y quema, complementando su dieta mediante la cacería, la pesca, así como con la recolección de frutos y otras hierbas de la montaña. Al verse menguada la productividad de este sistema de vida, debido a la presión demográfica y a la degradación de sus tierras, han tenido que incorporar el trabajo agrícola asalariado como parte de su modus vivendi.
Los ngöbes vinieron desde la provincia de Chiriquí en Panamá hacia Costa Rica, empujados por la destrucción de la selva, las presiones de los blancos, y por la arbitrariedad de sus caciques aproximadamente en los años 1950-51. Sin embargo, esta región de Costa Rica forma una unidad geográfica continua con Chiriquí, por lo que también se considera que su presencia en Costa Rica responde a que los ngöbe siguen recorriendo los caminos usados por ellos desde la época precolombina, siendo pueblos casi de trashumantes que a menudo regresan a Panamá (Laurencich en Camacho 1996: 21). A partir de 1964 los ngöbes se establecen en Costa Rica de manera sedentaria en las localidades mencionadas (Bozolli 1969: 98).
Balseria
The Balseria is a four-day festival and Ngäbe traditional sport. The sport consists of two players, who take turns throwing a four-foot-long balsa stick at their opponent's legs. The objective is to hit the opponent below the knees until he can no longer continue. Opponents meet before the match to decide how many sticks will be thrown by each (10 being few, 40 being a lot, and 20 being average). There is no tournament structure and matches are initiated by challenge and request.
The event is initiated when one town invites to host and challenge another town; this is typically precipitated by a good harvest or by a reciprocal obligation to host. Once a date is selected, the host presents the challenged with a knotted rope—each knot represents a day and the rope is used as a countdown for the event. In the weeks leading up to balseria, participants in each town blow animal horns and other makeshift trumpets to announce the imminence of the event.
On the first day of balseria, the hosts receive the challenged in their town and provide food and drink (generally fermented corn, banana, and palm leaf liquor). The second day consists of much of the same and the unstated goal of both sides is to exhaust the other before the games on the third day. At dawn on the third day, the best balseros of each town lead a procession to a predetermined location and begin the games by facing one another. The dawn matches are supposed to be the best of the day and can feature up to 60 balsas being thrown. After the inaugural match, the rest of the day is informal and matches are initiated through challenges. The only real rules are that no two balseros from the same town can face one another and players must hit below the knees. The below the knees rule is enforced by spectators and "teammates" of the players, the implied consequence being a fist fight. On the fourth day, the challenged leave and the hosts take care of the inebriated and injured, who are unable to leave.
Attendees of balseria typically dress in traditional Ngäbe clothing and colors and wear feathers, animal skins, and even entire animals on their backs. Some men also wear the woman's traditional dress, or nagua, to hide their legs during the match. Horns, whistles, and improvised trumpets are ubiquitous.
Balseria has a negative reputation in Panama outside of the Comarca and is officially outlawed by the government. The general attitude is that balseria is a drunken, violent mess. According to the Ngäbes, while alcohol and violence are present during balseria, it is primarily a cultural event, a unique sport and a chance to demonstrate pride in their heritage.
Tradicionalmente, los ngöbes han sido agricultores itinerantes utilizando el método de roza y quema, complementando su dieta mediante la cacería, la pesca, así como con la recolección de frutos y otras hierbas de la montaña. Al verse menguada la productividad de este sistema de vida, debido a la presión demográfica y a la degradación de sus tierras, han tenido que incorporar el trabajo agrícola asalariado como parte de su modus vivendi.
Los ngöbes vinieron desde la provincia de Chiriquí en Panamá hacia Costa Rica, empujados por la destrucción de la selva, las presiones de los blancos, y por la arbitrariedad de sus caciques aproximadamente en los años 1950-51. Sin embargo, esta región de Costa Rica forma una unidad geográfica continua con Chiriquí, por lo que también se considera que su presencia en Costa Rica responde a que los ngöbe siguen recorriendo los caminos usados por ellos desde la época precolombina, siendo pueblos casi de trashumantes que a menudo regresan a Panamá (Laurencich en Camacho 1996: 21). A partir de 1964 los ngöbes se establecen en Costa Rica de manera sedentaria en las localidades mencionadas (Bozolli 1969: 98).
Balseria
The Balseria is a four-day festival and Ngäbe traditional sport. The sport consists of two players, who take turns throwing a four-foot-long balsa stick at their opponent's legs. The objective is to hit the opponent below the knees until he can no longer continue. Opponents meet before the match to decide how many sticks will be thrown by each (10 being few, 40 being a lot, and 20 being average). There is no tournament structure and matches are initiated by challenge and request.
The event is initiated when one town invites to host and challenge another town; this is typically precipitated by a good harvest or by a reciprocal obligation to host. Once a date is selected, the host presents the challenged with a knotted rope—each knot represents a day and the rope is used as a countdown for the event. In the weeks leading up to balseria, participants in each town blow animal horns and other makeshift trumpets to announce the imminence of the event.
On the first day of balseria, the hosts receive the challenged in their town and provide food and drink (generally fermented corn, banana, and palm leaf liquor). The second day consists of much of the same and the unstated goal of both sides is to exhaust the other before the games on the third day. At dawn on the third day, the best balseros of each town lead a procession to a predetermined location and begin the games by facing one another. The dawn matches are supposed to be the best of the day and can feature up to 60 balsas being thrown. After the inaugural match, the rest of the day is informal and matches are initiated through challenges. The only real rules are that no two balseros from the same town can face one another and players must hit below the knees. The below the knees rule is enforced by spectators and "teammates" of the players, the implied consequence being a fist fight. On the fourth day, the challenged leave and the hosts take care of the inebriated and injured, who are unable to leave.
Attendees of balseria typically dress in traditional Ngäbe clothing and colors and wear feathers, animal skins, and even entire animals on their backs. Some men also wear the woman's traditional dress, or nagua, to hide their legs during the match. Horns, whistles, and improvised trumpets are ubiquitous.
Balseria has a negative reputation in Panama outside of the Comarca and is officially outlawed by the government. The general attitude is that balseria is a drunken, violent mess. According to the Ngäbes, while alcohol and violence are present during balseria, it is primarily a cultural event, a unique sport and a chance to demonstrate pride in their heritage.
Lengua Ngäbere
Lengua Ngäbere
El idioma ngäbe1 —conocido también como guaymí— es un idioma amerindio de la familia chibchana hablado por el pueblo ngäbe. Hay 133.092 hablantes en Panamá (comarca Ngäbe-Buglé) y Costa Rica (provincia de Puntarenas).
Ngäbere is part of the Chibchan language family, which is indigenous to an area that extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia. Ngäbere is one of two languages classified under a group called Guaymí. The other is a related but mutually unintelligible language called Buglere, spoken by the Buglé people within the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé.[5]
While all varieties of Ngäbere are grammatically identical and mutually intelligible, there are phonological and lexical differences that vary from region to region. The people of different regions may use different words for the same concept or pronounce the same word differently.[6] Vowel sounds may change; for example, the word for “to see” that is pronounced /toen/ in some regions may be pronounced /tuen/ in other areas; the word for “you” may be pronounced /mä/ or /ma/ depending on the region. Syllable stress may also vary regionally—for instance, the word for “dove,” ütü, may be pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, or with equal strong accents on both syllables, depending on the speaker’s region.[7] The Penonomeño was somewhat more distinct, but is no longer spoken. Más información.
El idioma ngäbe1 —conocido también como guaymí— es un idioma amerindio de la familia chibchana hablado por el pueblo ngäbe. Hay 133.092 hablantes en Panamá (comarca Ngäbe-Buglé) y Costa Rica (provincia de Puntarenas).
Ngäbere is part of the Chibchan language family, which is indigenous to an area that extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia. Ngäbere is one of two languages classified under a group called Guaymí. The other is a related but mutually unintelligible language called Buglere, spoken by the Buglé people within the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé.[5]
While all varieties of Ngäbere are grammatically identical and mutually intelligible, there are phonological and lexical differences that vary from region to region. The people of different regions may use different words for the same concept or pronounce the same word differently.[6] Vowel sounds may change; for example, the word for “to see” that is pronounced /toen/ in some regions may be pronounced /tuen/ in other areas; the word for “you” may be pronounced /mä/ or /ma/ depending on the region. Syllable stress may also vary regionally—for instance, the word for “dove,” ütü, may be pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, or with equal strong accents on both syllables, depending on the speaker’s region.[7] The Penonomeño was somewhat more distinct, but is no longer spoken. Más información.
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